
\begingroup
\centering
\begin{tabular}{lcccccc}
   \toprule
    & \multicolumn{3}{c}{\makecell{Patents \\ per 1,000 people \\ (mean = 1.05, sd = 1.73)}} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{\makecell{Breakthrough patents \\ per 1,000 people \\ (mean = 0.13, sd = 0.28)}}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-4}  \cmidrule(lr){5-7}
                               & (1)           & (2)           & (3)            & (4)           & (5)           & (6)\\  
   \midrule 
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel A: Least-squares estimates}} &  \multicolumn{5}{c}{}\\ \cmidrule(lr){1-7}
   Surname diversity           & 1.154$^{***}$ & 1.134$^{***}$ & 1.445$^{***}$  & 0.105$^{***}$ & 0.105$^{***}$ & 0.110$^{***}$\\   
                               & (0.214)       & (0.262)       & (0.183)        & (0.016)       & (0.019)       & (0.019)\\   
   Ancestral-country diversity & -0.057        & -0.110$^{**}$ & -0.199$^{***}$ & 0.005         & -0.012        & -0.020$^{*}$\\   
                               & (0.059)       & (0.054)       & (0.055)        & (0.011)       & (0.009)       & (0.012)\\   
   Population                  & 0.680$^{***}$ & 0.652$^{***}$ & 0.742$^{***}$  & 0.139$^{***}$ & 0.126$^{***}$ & 0.100$^{***}$\\   
                               & (0.105)       & (0.107)       & (0.190)        & (0.020)       & (0.019)       & (0.029)\\   
    \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel B: Reduced-form estimates}} &  \multicolumn{5}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-7}
   Predicted surname diversity           & 0.679$^{***}$ & 0.644$^{***}$ & 0.918$^{***}$ & 0.056$^{***}$ & 0.054$^{**}$  & 0.069$^{***}$\\   
                                         & (0.164)       & (0.205)       & (0.231)       & (0.019)       & (0.021)       & (0.022)\\   
   Predicted ancestral-country diversity & 0.019         & 0.023         & 0.022         & -0.010        & -0.010        & -0.007\\   
                                         & (0.090)       & (0.093)       & (0.035)       & (0.008)       & (0.008)       & (0.008)\\   
   Predicted population                  & 0.554$^{***}$ & 0.531$^{***}$ & 0.212         & 0.133$^{***}$ & 0.117$^{***}$ & 0.048\\   
                                         & (0.132)       & (0.139)       & (0.202)       & (0.026)       & (0.024)       & (0.036)\\   
\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel C: Instrumental-variable estimates}} &  \multicolumn{5}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-7}
   Surname diversity                     & 1.193$^{***}$ & 1.142$^{***}$ & 1.457$^{***}$ & 0.129$^{***}$ & 0.139$^{***}$ & 0.135$^{***}$\\   
                                         & (0.144)       & (0.165)       & (0.229)       & (0.022)       & (0.027)       & (0.031)\\   
   Ancestral-country diversity           & -0.089        & -0.036        & -0.140        & -0.069        & -0.088        & -0.073\\   
                                         & (0.383)       & (0.518)       & (0.229)       & (0.043)       & (0.061)       & (0.052)\\   
   Population                            & 0.690$^{***}$ & 0.644$^{***}$ & 0.778$^{***}$ & 0.186$^{***}$ & 0.148$^{***}$ & 0.143$^{**}$\\   
                                         & (0.202)       & (0.157)       & (0.257)       & (0.029)       & (0.023)       & (0.060)\\   
\\
   Sanderson-Windmeijer \textit{F}-stat  & 88; 72; 129   & 122; 72; 307  & 75; 40; 120   & 88; 72; 129   & 122; 72; 307  & 75; 40; 120\\  
\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel D: First-stage estimates}} &  \multicolumn{5}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-7}
& \multicolumn{3}{c}{Surname diversity} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{Ancestral-country diversity}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-4}  \cmidrule(lr){5-7}
   Predicted surname diversity           & 0.658$^{***}$     & 0.694$^{***}$     & 0.699$^{***}$     & 0.011                       & 0.107$^{*}$                 & 0.153$^{**}$                \\
                                         & (0.061)           & (0.062)           & (0.069)           & (0.041)                     & (0.057)                     & (0.075)                     \\
   Predicted ancestral-country diversity & 0.035$^{**}$      & 0.028$^{**}$      & 0.031$^{***}$     & 0.187$^{***}$               & 0.151$^{***}$               & 0.157$^{***}$               \\
                                         & (0.016)           & (0.014)           & (0.009)           & (0.029)                     & (0.028)                     & (0.032)                     \\
   Predicted population                  & 0.007             & -0.063$^{*}$      & -0.132$^{**}$     & 0.328$^{***}$               & 0.154$^{***}$               & 0.170$^{**}$                \\
                                         & (0.034)           & (0.034)           & (0.060)           & (0.052)                     & (0.046)                     & (0.080)                     \\
    \\
& \multicolumn{3}{c}{Population}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-4}
   Predicted surname diversity           & -0.151$^{***}$ & -0.225$^{***}$ & -0.101$^{**}$ &  &  &  \\
                                         & (0.039)        & (0.047)        & (0.045)       &  &  &  \\
   Predicted ancestral-country diversity & -0.009         & -0.006         & -0.002        &  &  &  \\
                                         & (0.012)        & (0.012)        & (0.007)       &  &  &  \\
   Predicted population                  & 0.833$^{***}$  & 0.945$^{***}$  & 0.550$^{***}$ &  &  &  \\
                                         & (0.055)        & (0.075)        & (0.108)       &  &  &  \\
\\
   County fixed effects        & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$   & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   Period fixed effects        & $\checkmark$  &               &                & $\checkmark$  &               & \\  
   State-Period fixed effects  &               & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$   &               & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   County-specific linear trends     &               &               & $\checkmark$   &               &               & $\checkmark$\\   
   Observations                & 21,984        & 21,984        & 21,984         & 21,984        & 21,984        & 21,984\\  
   \bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\par\endgroup


